Internal-combustion and steam engine.



H. F. LIEDTKE.

!NTERNAL COMBUSTION AND STEAM ENGINE. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 18. 1912.

1,217,788. Patented Feb. 27,1917.

5 SHEETS SHEET I.

wi/tme/ao'e/a I smut H. F. LIEDTKE. INTERNAL comausnon"mo smm ENGINE.

APPLWICATION FILED NOV. 18. Hill.

1,217,788. Patented Feb. 27, 1917.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

H. F. LIEDTKE.

INTERNAL COMB USTION AN D STEAM ENGINE.

APPLICATION FILED m. 121, 1912.

Patented Feb. 27', 1917.

5 SHEET$-SHEET 3.

H. F. LIEDTKE.

INTERNAL COMBUSTION AND STEAM ENGINE. APPLICATION FILED NOV. I8. I9I2.

1,217,788. Patented Feb. 27, 1917.

5 SHEETS-SHEET 4.

H. F. LIEDTKE.

mum/u comausnon AND STEAM ENGINE.

Patented Feb. 27, 1917.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 18. 1912.

5 SHEETS-SHEVET 5.

I ED saw notion Lmbmxe, orrninnnnprmn, PEimsYnymm:

*mrnrmnt-eottnosrron Am) STEAM ENGINE...

hlpplicetlon filed November 4 i To all whom zit-may concern:

Be 't' known that I, Hooo a 'eitizefn of the United Philadelphia, in the 5 and Staten)?- Pennsylvama have invented certain new and useful Improvements in lnternal-Com ustioh and Steam Engines, of

which the. followin'gi is'a specification, refer e'nce being 0 drawings.

This engine is designed to be actuated as a a, result of the alternate introduction into its'cylinder of fluids, such as oiland air,

that contribute 'to."combustion therein, and 5 of a fluid, such as stea n that is introduced under grefis re -and expanded therein.-

' llhefinvention oor'iteinplates an engine capable of running in several cycles of operation, such as six and eight'cycl'es, for: examthe strokes are as fol- 0 Flei, In the sig; cycle,

own: ,1, an? intake; "2, air compressmn and fuel injection; 3 Working stroke of burnt exhaust-conduit, and to avoidg initlal conefgth Swim, #O'dugtibflrit the temperature thereof below that at which it" is delivered to the engine;

43 gines usually eylinder of all-burnt 5 dens ati onl and radiati-on of heatduring ex pansionf of steam in the cylinder, the Val? range nent: hein'gfsuch that part 'ofthe heat "of combustion islused to raise the 'orat' least to prevent re- A;'suilieient. amount, of heat is absorbed by the steem"t oj .ma-ke unnecessary the cool-mg steam coptmbutes to gases rem coilibustion. in .the cylinder:

v In the sixmyele,typejthere is one steam" .5 some cases, however, after-one steam admis;

SiomtheeyIinder WaHs and piston- 'head may be too hot for 'Wood' working h fter'xfuel in je'e'tion, whenthe eight-cycle type wouldbe therewo'lild be two steam f ad 5 used, that'is, I y y e v missions and exhausts after every-fuel 1n- States, residing at county of-Philadelphia I had therein to the accompanying 2, aireompression and fuel stroke of burnt fluids 'tempera-- je'eket 'livhif ch' internaleombustion enare *equigpecl. fFurther, the

e cleansing of the aining after is, 1912. Serial mi 732,000.

' s ec fication bf Letters zet'em; P t ted Feb;' 27 '1 917;

- je'etion and combustion, .so that the parts will be cooled suflieiently enoe with the proper:

in air 1 a Ihere isprpvided also by'the invention an working of the incom-,

device of valves is unnec'essary for its proper, working. Further,

mands of the engine.

An efi'ective mechanism for opening and quickly closing the steam-admission yalve' also is provided by the invention;

-\Vhen read 'in connection with the desQr'ipQ A time herein, the details of construction and arrangement of parts contemplated by'the invention will be apparent from the ecc'om auxiliary air-compressor and fuel-charging so constructed that the employment the invention contemplates a simple mechanism whereby the output of the; fuehpump is alteredto meet the varying de y P T T orrion; f 2

to evoidinterfer penyin-g drawings; forming part hereof;

"ventio'n, as applied'to six and eightcyele "gines, tionttheinvention 'it is togbe understoodthat they merely sire illustrative ofthe rincipled thereof, that the several em be organized vario e eel-1y; within the limits pre sembed by the claims ereinafter withoiitde parting from the nature and spirit of the in- 7 t .t the intention to he t'o'f the precise deli-nee;

vention, and that it is limited" necessarily tions'herein in interpretation of theelaiins It also is to be understoodpthat the invention susceptible of use those in connection seribed herein for and that the word cyl nder is used as-eom monly employed in cylindrical shape;

spending parts in the tlrawings'of Whichv a Figure 1 is a back view, in elevation; Fig. 2 is the front';'.

P Fig. -6 is ei wjnelevation wherein preferable embodiments of the ,in

While the disclosuresjherein now are conslclered to representlthe best embodiments of instrumentahties, ployed in carrying .out the invention can a with other fluids than with which it. isgde- ,nrposes of expl nation,"

the fart and'it vis n0t in tended'to limit the invention to{part s;o f

,Flg. 4 is-a Sectional 'vievf ofh-foi'nrof steam-inlet valye actuating jnechanisnr; f, a

Fig.5 is'an end view of the cam thereof;

of that-em;

Like; reference-characters refer to QQI'r'e several views of, the

10'5"- a sectional View, looking from,

". F is asidevimv, p ruyin' mu f are disclosed; for purposes-*ofji'll'ustra ae drawings, 11 designates the crank-case and Fig. '7 is a sectional view of an alternative of the oil-pump;

gears,

base-frame, 12 the crank-shaft,- la the pitman, 14 the piston havin a head 15, 16 the cylinder, and 17' the cy inder-head of an en ine.

or: the and pumps of the engine, a mechanism is provided that includes the following: A

gear 18 on the crank-shaft in mesh with a gear 19Yrota-table on a centrally-posit oned 1 shaft 20 fixed in the case or frame of the mission of airto the vchamber.

' with'whicli is associated a spring '36 operat-- o engine, and attached to -'gear 19a gear 21;.

in mesh with gear 21 a gear 22-rotatable' on a centrally-positioned shaft 23-fixed in'the case orframe of the engine; and to one side'- of gear 21, and in-mesh therewith, a gear 24 on a cam-shaft 25, and to the other side a gear 26 on a cam-shaft27, both of these shafts being. j'ournaled in the case or frame of the engine. At or near thefheadl'i of the cylinder is a port 28 incommunicat-ion with a valve chamber 29 in an extension 30 ofi theicylinder 'strncture. An air-supply conduit 3].- communicates with; this chamber and has ad a valve 32 movable inwardly with respect to burnt gases 7 also communicates with --th'e chamber, there being anv 'inwardly movable;

valve 34 for controlling exhaust g of said I The valve 32 has thereonavalve-stem '35,

ing I keep thewalve normally on its seat and; osedpthisjspring being interposed betwe the extensionvofuthe cylinder structure The valve 34 has thereon a valves m'i4l',

andf n adjiistab le abutment 37 on thevalvewhich abutment permits adjustment ste of jte nsion' of'the spring, The outer'or f e-end -of"th e-'valve'-stem is connected or. I

contacts with-"an'end of a push pin 38, which has an"ant i friction roller 39 on .its other "end held by the spring 36 in contact w th u g g 40 n cam-shaft'25; the arrangeme being su'ch that "as the cam rotates th" valve 1 .55

B W 'moved from its seat n P i dically v with which isassociated a spring 42; o. ferrittween the extension 0 ing to keep the valve normally pnand close d,'this sprin being" interposed bei thenylinder structure and an adjustable abutment 43 on the valvestem, which abutment permits adjustment of the tensionilofthesprinig. The outer or free end ofth e valve-stem is connected or cam-shaft 25,- the 7 that as the camrota'tes t purpose of actuating the valvesthe chamber controlled by and connected-- with- .A conduit '33 forj'exhaust of A friction" rol'ler- 66 011 its-"otherendin contact "with scam 67 Odom-shaft 27 v r valve 54 will be moved proximity to the shaft; and

s seat to be brought into 45 and having its other end connected with 'a'. rod 46 connected with oneend of a. ,uSh p n 47, which has an IE anti-friction r01 r48 '7 on its other end in contact with a cam; 49' on arr an ement being such e valve 34 will be moved from its seat and opened periodically-.-v

A port 50 is located at or near the head 75 of the cylinder and'diametrically disposed with respect to port 28. Port 50 communicates with avalve-chamber "51in an extension 52 of the cylinder-structure. A steam conduit 53 communicates with this 30 s pp gem-and a valve 54 movable inwardly chan'i with respect to the chamber c'ontrols admis S10I1 -0'f steam thereto from the conduit A steam-exhaust conduit 55falso communicateswith this chamber, and exhaust of steam is controlledby a valve 56- inwardly movable with respect tothe chamber.

. The valve 54 has thereon a valve stem .51,

withwhich is associateda spring 58 operate ing-to keep the valve normally on its seatlgo and closed, this spring being interposed between a yokex59 on the extension ofthe 'cylinder structure'and an adj justable abutment 60- onthevalve-stemfwh ch abutment per-- 'mits'adjustment of the tension of the spring. 95

The valve-stem also has-thereon an abut-1' ment 61 in contact with a bifurcated end of a link-62 pivotally mountedv intermediate-itsendson'; a standard 6. imd 'hav'ing its other a rod 64' connected with 100- onejend-ofa push-pin 65, which has an anti-- the rrange mentbeing such that as the cam" rotates the ee drer ed l yw Inyordegiito imparts. fl cker" opening and closing movements-tot e p'ush pin- .65 and 1 thereby to the steam-inlet alve than ie.-

- causedby the form of .cain'GT-shOwmthere"11o- 4 v may be gmployed in place of hat cam' '11 mechanism of the formsh ,y Figs. .47, 5,-a n d16. This mechanism incl lirran' abut.- merit 68 on': the cam=shaftfi27-and1an'ja" or extension 69 on the crank case 'enfiiii'g between t s extension and abutment there' are aspring 70 and aneamj ll loose on the shaft, the span having. a tendency to force he cam xial yhiuga-inst the extension", and

r ce. 7310f the cam, I i "contacts-with it w ll have axial; recip;

with the extension. Thea projection (-arranged cam isfformed' with p p Y contact "with t roller I from its seat and-1e15 the; cam 12o I 'beingipreventedfrom 1rot:itive'-.anovement I with respect to the shaft-b e Ky 72. {The p 25 against'thevalve, whereby 30 keep thevrilve nor 35" tension of the spring? ;is communicated to]:

ah i'ncomin 1 ste'nm comes, intolcontacti and heat is alslorjed' by thefsteam;withltheresult 66 of the push-pin 65 toperiodica-lly recip- 'rocat the, letter I This projection has a graduiil outward. slope from the springgcontasted side of the cam, as. indicated by 74*,

and n sudden drop on its "opposite side, as indicated bv 74, and the relative positions ofthe 'p'roiection and beveled face 73 are such that, as t e projection turns in'to'contact with the push-pin roller, byaxiel movementthe' greatest point of eccentricity 1s brought into contact with the roller and the steam-inlet vulveopened and then on "con- 'tinuance of axial movement the cam passes beyond the roller and the push-pin suddenly drops'a-nd the valve is suddenly closed. In order to balance valve 54,:ind to prevent its being opened by steam pressure ,mm, conduit 53" overcoming the tendency of spring 58,0, piston 75 of the some steamexposed'area as that of the valve is positioned 'on the velveste'm and in a cylinder 76, the cylinder hnving eniopen end in position to receive steain against the" piston in a:

direction op posite to the steam pressure on th valve-stem by steam is the some in both directions.

I Valve 56 hasthereon a vailve stem'77, with,

the force exerted whichis associated a spring 7 8 operating to \elosed, this'springb ing interposed between the extension of the c'ylin ter structure andan adjustable abut'r'ne' t T 9 on the valve-stem, which abutment permits adjustment of the "The outer or free end of the velve's'tenn islconnect'ed. or contacts with an end of e push-pin 80, which has an anti-friction roller on. its other end in contact with a cam 82 ,on chin-shaft 27, the arrangement bein such that-es the ceni'rotates'the valve will b'jeln'ovecl from its seat and opened-periodiceily i The burnt-gas-exhanst conduit 33 includes a jacket that surrounds the steam-supply conduit 53, end the steem-inlet-valve structure, as shown 33*;h

that the temperature 'f thjefsteam is raised or zit least, prevented -hmist'geses I V ispherefor-to' anysuitable conduit leading he a desired placem fgdelivery. V 1 In orderto deliver ,fluij fuel, suchlias oil, periodically, to, e 'ehqjirg'ing device, herein-- utter described, 'inft quantity required to meet the ,deniandsb theengine, there is I rovided a purnp 'that includes a, cylinder i intcwvhich 1n orsnear its head leeds hn admission-port 8 4, hevinglthereirr an" n we rdly-opening spring controlled valve '85,;

with which port communicates an oil;

ally on its sent and.

etween' the e'ylinderjj wvnrdly oi the stroke, the suetioni'will open-valve85zand;

;e, speed-governor 0r inay be provided with "means by which it may be set nianuelly.

head-1'7 and the conduit 5 3,-et 33", nndat 33, whereby 'sofrne of the lieat' of the burnt gases f 'ertswith which; the

conduit 89 leading to the charging device.-

"Projecting into the cylinder is a piston 90,

having exterior of the cylinder an abutment 91, between which and a shoulder 92 at the end of the cylinder is interposed spring 91-3 he ving r. tendency to move the piston 0utcylinder A pitmen 94 :at one end is pivotally connected with the pier ton and at the other end With a link 95 with Whiohis connected at longitudinally-movable rod 96. The pitma'n has thereon interme- (liete its ends an anti-friction roller or abut ment 97 kept by spring 93 im-contact with: i

an. arm or lever 98 pivoted atone end' on any suitable fixed part andfhaving at its other end an anti-friction roller 99 in eon-i tact with a com 100 onthe cam-shaft 27, the cam operating to vibrate the lever. The arrangement is such that as the-cam rotates the piston is rcciprocated in the cylinder, through the instrumentality of the cam, lever, andipitmun being, given compressionstrokes inwardly, and by thespring action suction strokes outwardly; On a' suction oil will be drawn in from supply-conduit 86, thevelve'88 then remaining closed and preventing bzickwerd movementofoil from the conduit 89. On a coinpression stroke, valve 85 will remain closed-valve 88 Will be open, and oil will be foreed'into conduit 89.

By swinging the pitxnan so that its anti friction roller or abutment may contact with the lever e greater or less distanceifrom its pivotal point, the scope of movement of the pistonflmey be increased or decreased and ithe amount of oil ejected thereby correspondingly altered. This alterative movement of the pitnien' effected by movement of rod 96, which rod may be connected with The means by which charges of fuel are inj ectedsuccessively into the engine cylinder includes a cam 101connec'ted with" end I interposed between sin abutment 105 the the other, end of which piston-rod is on 3 01 1 gated pump-piston 107 reciprocu-hle in n inder" at a; port 111 just. beyond pum -cylinder-JQS constituting a part or en extension 109 of the engine-cylinder ture, The cam operates to give con pi i sion strokes and the spring return or recessive strokes of the piston, From thehend of the cylinder toward which the piston has "1 o-ipmpression strokesleeds epassage 110 hich again opens intothe side of the cy a the head of v the piston when in its withdrawn or re- 'cesslve osition. A passage 112 in cornmunicatlon with the engine cylinderlpp'ens to the charging or injecting cylinder 108, at a point dlametrically opposite to the port 111. A passage 11% extends from side to side of piston 107 in such positionthat it will registerwith and afiord communication between port 111 and passage 112 when the piston'is at or about at the limit of its com 1 pression stroke, and be out of registry therewith at othertim'es.

Instead of the charging cylinder and pis- "ton being of the form just described, it also may be of the form shown by Fig. 7, in which it is unnecessary to employ the lateral passage 110. In Fig. 7, ll ldesignates the cylinder and 115 the 1)lSt0Il,'2LI1d in the piston' is a passage 116 extending longitudinally from its head and then laterally, ending in the side of the piston at apoin't whet it will come into registry with the passage 112 i'n thesame manner as described for passage I113 ofthe other form. Also inthis form. thereis a vent 117 in the wall of the cylinder, which opensto the atmosphere, and so positioned that the lateral end of the passage 116 will come into registry with it when i -to a port 118 opening into the passage 112 ata point between the charging-cylinder andv the piston has reached the limit of its recessivemovement. Theconcluit 89 from the fuel-pump leads '"theengine-cylinder, and thi port hasthereto permit admission 'offuel to the passage in-aspring-controlled valve 119 arranged and to prevent back flow of fuelinto the port and conduit,

:: {5, Assuming that the parts are in the posh three rotations oi gear1 8'pn-th will; .give one rotat o m ne s- 5 a ti 1- i um ist .p 1 -gl f e qmprf sp p p '1 will, besp fayed into the tions shown, and that the air-admission.

' valve 32 just h'asclosedv after the engine-pie toniby a stroke from thecylinder-head has .drawn. in a charge of air, the charging-piston 107 being at the limit ofits recessive s v I V .s tro lte, the amount of sufficient m nt 9 lei l f'ed 6h burned movement; and the oil-pump" piston also M7 1 ll eret 'Ise and "the cam IOITcQXm' ted into the charging-cylinder is pressed to a. still greater the engine-cy1inder gainstd' beilt"the "i.

ement, the 3 iv fy hi h:

ncreases d-blown m ous compression stroke of the chargingpiston 107 is commenced and that pist0n'im' mediately covers and closes theend of' asa sage 112, whereby; the introduction .0 oil prs n da During the part of the compression stroke of. the engine-piston that .is made before c'losingof pnssa- 112, not only air in the engine-cylinder is compressed, but alsoto the same degree the air'in the chargingcylinder between its head and the piston 107 through the passage 112. The engine-piston continues its compression movement and thereby further-increases the pressure and the compression stroke of the charging-piston, the air in discharging-cylinder 15 com-' ensit and therey its temperature raisedto a egreeabove the ignition' point of the lfuel used. At or about at, theend of the compression stroke of the cl1arging piston, the passage -113 comes into registry wit-hport 111' and the 7 form the lateralendfo-f.passage 1'16 comes into registry with the end of passage 112.

raises the temperature of the air in the englue-cylinder and in the passa {112, where by the temperature of the oil in the passage end ofpassage 112, ore-in the case of the Fig. i

sages 110, 113, and112,"or tllldligh passages 116 and 112 in the cas -qr the ig'. 17 form, into the fenginecyl'inden' Then the'oil in passage 112. is ieked up and-becomes oom mingled with t eair and lown-into the engine-cylinder and I the airs Gas 'thus-is'produce that acts in in and'imparts' to the .pi

1 ,eilrrzee stroke of the enginepiston, the (ll'liil'glllg:-

v piston conn'nences its Withdrawal. or renew.

sive stroke, which is intermittent or has a p i pause therein, that is, the earn 103.. Wlll he moved so that it will permit spring mi to partly withdraw the cha rgi ngp1 ton to such position that m passage 113 tor 116) w ll be out of regret "y with the end of p sage llil and thatflpassage closed by the sale of the piston," whereby the blowing oi? burnt ascs thereafter into the clla cylinder is prevented The arran also such that this position of the ing-piston is maintained during thega.

haust stroke. and. until the steani-exhanat strok m" the engine-piaton, as will he SUiilM i At the enrlo'i? the working stroke of the engine-pi. in thelmrnt is-exl'niust valve will be opened and held open, during .tl'

exhaust stroke of the engine-piston that n is made. The hot burnt gaees-on exhi travel throi. h conduit QB-around the supply eoncfluit 5i and the Si'iflitlTL-ll'lifi structiire and heat those parts and the stir ihetl The valve M will close 1 i the e winwpiston reaches the end on;

its'exhai'lst stroll a When the iiiistim finisl' this stroke, the liiiirnt gases remainin engine-cylinder will be sil The steanrinlet valve iii then opened and. steam "coder pressure adiniitte cylinder and the val i.

anal tne steam on ezrpai cling gives g; etrolo to the enginepistori.

end of this 7 trolre the steam-exhaa 56 will he openeclianel the expa [W'l steam permitted. to exhaust. Wlilen the steanrenhaust valve is opened, the eharging-piston will. be permitted to resume its recessive mov'ei'nent under the action. of the spring we tion that port 11]. and the ii (i of wherein) '5 p charging-c; n

was cicseel, as herein ,r the passage 1 H before descri ec iii he permlttecito passi a l nto the engn Yili'lt'ltil through that, pas- L its;recessive movement and the. lateral end of 60' passage 116 has come into registry with vent 117,th,e PlStOII IS given sufficient move ment in the earmaression'direction to disi continue this'registryancl close the vent, this movement stopping at this time short 85 of the end of passage 117-2, as indicated ljiy y after the chargingpiston has reached the limit of" thetlotted, line, liigi 7. .This short period of registry of the passage 116 and the vent 117 takes place during i the last part Ofqtl'lG steam-exha stroke of the engine-piston anel the firs part of the air-intake stroke of that pi in, so that am is blown through the char ing-cylinder;p age 116; and vent 11 i anti ail. rel'naining er "aust gases there by e ieller and. so that air then is through by suction of the engine-cylinder in its air-intake stroke to expel all steam. At the enijlof the steanrexl'iaust stroke, the steamer]iaust valve will close, anil the air-inlet valve will. opei'i, and on the next, itaitwaril stroke of the engine-piston ,air will i be drawn into the cylinder. At the end of striiilre, the parts .willyhe in the positions cli-iseribeii at the beginning of thisexplanapellltlClll,

tion of crank-shaft will give one rotation to gears 24 ancl fiii and 'ca nehafts ancl27 and 110 and cam 1.01. connected thereto. The was 40 ancl i which respectivelyoper M Jhe air-inletvalve 3'2 ZLiI'ldb HlfIIt QHS-BX- haust valve 34, the earn 100, which operates the pump, anrlthe ca n ml, which opthe ehargingclevioe, will each have one 5 p ejection, asin" the case ofisix cycles, 'wliile thee-a ms 67 and 5, which respectively opera te the steam-inlet valve and the steam e mast valve 56, will each have two closelyei essive projections, so that there shall be. two successive admissions and exhausts of steam after every oil adm t. "on, combustion, and exhaust v1 a e It ,will he uniflerstcaiid, of course that by hearrar ring the gears and cams the engine may he set for other cycles of operation than tlmse (lQSQ1li)(Ii,-tl11Cl that the relative ninnbers of operations by steam and internal combustion may he changed at will.

Having thus described my invention, What I claim as new, and desire ti. secure-by Letters Patent, is-- 1. An engine comprising a cylinder, a piston reciproc; ;.ie tlli "in, a valve arranged to admit air to the cylinder during an ontar-d, etrokeof the engine-piston, the arrangement being such that air in the'cylin tier is compressed during the next compression stroke of the enginepiston, a charging device comprising a piston and a cylin (ler within which said charging-piston re ciproeates, there being; a passage affording. eonrmunieatlon between. said engine and ehar-ging cylinciers whereby when air in the engine eylini'ler is compressed by the engine- 126 piston it also is compressed in the chargingcylinder, an actuating device arranged to more said. charging-piston after initial compression and to a greater degree compress the air in said charging-cylinder; means 130 whereby said passage is closed during com- 2. An engine comprising a casing, a mo'v? able, element in the casing arranged to have working forces act thereon to produce motion, a'conduit arranged to supply fluid under pressure, a fluid-pressure-admission device, a fluld-pressure-exhaust device, means 7 whereby combustible material is ignited and I caused to act in said casing against said element, an exhaust device for the resultant of combustion, and an exhaust conduit-for said resultantsurrounding said fluid-supply v Witnessesr conduit? r v 3. The combination of an engine comprising a cylinder, a Piston feciPr'ocable the ein, 1

opening and closing air-admission means so arranged that periodically on onestroke'of said piston air will be. drawn into said c linder and on the next stroke'compressed t erein, there being a charging-passage opening into nthe compression area of said.;cylinder, "an air-pump comprising a cylindena piston reciprocable therein, said charg ng-passage opening into said pump-cylinder atgarpoint beyond the normal position of the piston therein whereby air compressed'in said engine-c'ylinder is forced --into said pumpcylinder, and means whereby said pumppiston is movedjto overrun} the end of said charging-passage andthe charge of air in san pump cylinder further compressed, there being in said pump-piston a'passage arranged to receive atone end air compressed in said pumpxiylinder' and having its other end in position to. register with the end of said charging-passage after compression movement of said pum piston.

In te'stimonywhereof I a x my-signature in presence of two witnesses.

.HUGO r. LIE'DTKE.

HANs WENIGER,

F. ,QIPINGER. 

